[Advaita-l] 'Iśwara / Parameśwara' epithet for Brahman in the Gita non-different

V Subrahmanian v.subrahmanian at gmail.com
Mon Nov 17 02:20:03 EST 2025


In the Bhagavadgita there are many instances of the term 'īśwara / Īśa /
Parameśwara' for Brahman. There is no difference between the two terms:


समं पश्यन्हि सर्वत्र
समवस्थितमीश्वरम् ।  13.28

तस्मात्प्रणम्य प्रणिधाय कायं
प्रसादये त्वामहमीशमीड्यम् ।   11.44

अजोऽपि सन्नव्ययात्मा
भूतानामीश्वरोऽपि सन् । 4.6

उत्तमः पुरुषस्त्वन्यः परमात्मेत्युदाहृतः ।
यो लोकत्रयमाविश्य बिभर्त्यव्यय ईश्वरः ॥ १७ ॥ 15.17

ईश्वरः सर्वभूतानां हृद्देशेऽर्जुन तिष्ठति ।  15.61

एवमेतद्यथात्थ त्वमात्मानं परमेश्वर ।  11.3

समं सर्वेषु भूतेषु तिष्ठन्तं परमेश्वरम् ।
विनश्यत्स्वविनश्यन्तं यः पश्यति स पश्यति ॥ २७  13.27

The prefix 'parama' in 'Parameśwara' in 13.27 is commented by Shankara as:
परमेश्वरं देहेन्द्रियमनोबुद्ध्यव्यक्तात्मनः अपेक्ष्य परमेश्वरः Shankara
takes this word Parameśwra to mean the Consciousness that is the Atman that
is distinct from the body-mind-avidya complex. Incidentally Shankara is
accepting three sharira-s: sthula, sukshma and avyakta - kāraṇa. For
Shankara this term Parameśwara does not mean Krishna but the Atma chaitanya
that is non-different from Nirguna Brahman.  One can also note that the
Gita itself is not making absolutely any difference between Ishwara and
Parameshwara:

समं पश्यन्हि सर्वत्र
समवस्थितमीश्वरम् ।  13.28

In the consecutive verses 13.27 and 13.28 the words Parameshwara and Ishwara
and  are used to convey the same Atma Chaitanyam that is present in every
body in the creation.

Om Tat Sat


More information about the Advaita-l mailing list